"External" music in Constantinople |
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Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries in Greek musical terminology the lay music of the Ottoman court or the secular art music which prevailed in the urban space of the Ottoman Empire was designated as the “external” music (exoteriki mousiki). As religion was one of the most crucial categories of belonging, the secular music was defined as opposed to the ecclesiastical music, which was conceptualized as “internal” music. |
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"Ioakeimeio" girls' school, Constantinople |
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"Marasleio" school, Constantinople |
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"Organosis Konstantinoupoleos" (Organization of Constantinople) |
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The Organization of Constantinople ("Organosis Konstantinoupoleos") was founded in the beginning of 1908. Its founder was Athanasios Nikolaidis in cooperation with Ion Dragoumis. Having its seat in Constantinople (Istanbul) the organization aimed at confronting the Bulgarian national movement in Macedonia and Thrace and at achieving a political coordination of the Greeks in Constantinople. At the same time it promoted a cooperation between the peoples of the Balkans and Asia Minor. The... |
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"System of the Merchants" of Constantinople and the Commercial Encyclopedia |
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The "System of the Greek Grand-merchants" in Constantinople-Istanbul (Σύστημα των εν Κωνσταντινουπόλει Ελλήνων Μεγαλεμπόρων) was the guild of the Greek grand-merchants of Constantinople. Within the framework of the System, the important work of Nikolaos Papadopoulos Commercial Encyclopedia was published. |
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"Zappeio" girls' school, Constantinople |
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"Zografeio" lycaeum, Constantinople |
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Anabaptism (18th century) |
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Architectural styles and Greek-Orthodox architects in Constantinople |
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After the Fall of Constantinople, there is a significant presence of either Greek-Orthodox or Islamized Greek architects, such as Sinan. From the mid-16th century the activity of Greek-Orthodox architects significantly intensified, while it is noted that over 40% of the architects in the empire were Christians. |
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Levantiner in Konstantinopel |
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Der Terminus "Levantiner" wird erst in jüngster Zeit von der Forschung in einheitlicher Form verwendet worden. Im 19. Jhd. kristallisierte sich eine Verengung des Begriffs heraus, der nicht mehr alle nichtmuslimischen Bewohner ostmittelmeerischer Hafenstädte bezeichnet, sondern nur noch die überwiegend europäischstämmigen Katholiken des römischen Ritus. Die Genese der Levantiner erstreckt sich über mehrere Jahrhunderte und blieb bis zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts ein äußerst dynamischer Prozess. |
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